Middle East And The West Of Asia History Assignment

Middle East And The West Of Asia History - Assignment Example The Crusades included expeditions to the Holy Land, Iberian Island, and North Eastern Europe, against Ottoman Turks, and the Hussite and Albigensian crusades. In addition, the jihad concept employed by the Muslim leaders became less significant during the last phase of the tenth century. However, the jihad concept regained force in the twelfth century wars between Muslims and the Latin Christian Crusaders. Hence, the Crusades raised a conflict between Christians and Muslims who were believed to threaten the existence of the Christian faith. During this period, Latin Christians never gained victory in the wars but did slow down the propagation of the Islamic faith. In the Iberian Peninsula Crusade, Christian leaders replaced Muslim leaders. As a result, other Christians, Muslims, and the Jews were forced to convert to the Catholic faith. Most notably would be the Hussite Crusade of the 1420s in which the Hussite heretical doctrine remained not eliminated. On the contrary, the Albigens ian Crusade eliminated the aristocratic clans who believed in the Cathar heretical doctrine. The wars and the plagues of incurable diseases that occurred during the Crusades period distressed the whole nation as well as killing vast portions of the world’s population thus destroying cities. The overtaxed and marginalized populations in the society protested against authoritative governments. It would be worth noting that, because of the Crusades, women began participating in high roles in both their cultures and the Western world. Despite the negative impacts of the wars marking the Crusades, positive impacts also emerged to mark the history of the Middle East and the West of Asia. The acquisition of... Moreover, the emergence of the middle-class concept originates from the rise of cities. In a similar perspective, the evolution of modern civilization could have only occurred following the rise and growth of medieval cities along with their associated cultural and artistic influences. The developments in science and technology consequently transformed the modern world into an engine and commercial driven society in terms of agriculture, the invention of the horizontal loom in cloth and the iron works and water power. Technology also facilitated the concepts of defined methodology and mechanization. Moreover, people organize their activities using timetables because of the discovery of the mechanical clock thereby changing the modern life. In conclusion, the paper presented the occurrences of the Crusades to include wars between different religious associations, conflicts between civic and church leaders, territorial invasions, the rise, and fall of Christianity and Islam faiths with their associated effects, and reformation of the Catholic Church’s architecture. Following these occurrences, the aftermath of the Crusades led to both negative and positive impacts. Negative impacts may include the destruction of cities and loss of lives. On the contrary, positive impacts consist of advancement in science, technology, and growth of cities. The growth of cities facilitated growth on the trade that stabilized social classes. The development enhanced health and welfare, which are essential for existence.

Art pieces comparison essay (from metropolitan museum of art)

Art pieces comparison (from metropolitan museum of art) - Essay Example is what I aim to achieve in this paper – I will explore on a deeper level and conduct a profound analysis and comparison of the two pieces in order to understand their similarities. It could be said that these similarities run much deeper than the primary differences between the two pieces; thus, by such an exploration I will assess whether indeed the similarities become more prominent. ‘Heart of The Andes’ depicts a beautifully detailed landscape of South America. It is a harmonious depiction of nature – with realistic colouring and immense depth. In the background is Mount Chimborazo of Ecuador, and the foreground features a moving waterfall leading to a lake. It is nature at its finest, a magnificently awe-inspiring piece with such detail that one cannot help but fall mercy to the dark, deep beauty of this landscape. ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’ consists of a scene along the English Channel, from the viewpoint of a garden. A family dons the garden; they appear to be spending time enjoying the weather and the view along the horizon of Honfleur. It is a domestic portrait of an upper-class family, and this serves to completely remove the sense of loneliness conveyed by ‘Heart of The Andes’. ‘Heart of The Andes’ strikes on with its intense depth – one is able to grasp the dimensions of the landscape; the vastness of the view. The eye is drawn to the dark mountains on the horizon, which tends to cause one to feel these primary darker, more emotive feelings. It is noticeable that without the mountains, the piece would not be much darker than ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’. The delicate detail allows one to become immersed in the landscape and properly understand its beauty. It is extremely realistic, and this serves to increase its depth and scale. It is on a much smaller scale than ‘Garden at Sainte-Adresse’, which could also be another contributor to the lost feeling it evokes. Despite its smaller scale, it is much more

Teamwork advantage and disadvantage

Teamwork advantage and disadvantage List and describe three advantages and three disadvantages of teams. From your personal experience, provide an example of one of the advantages and one of the disadvantages. â€Å"Although teamwork has many advantages, it also has a number of potential disadvantages.† â€Å"When teams are successful, they improve productivity, creativity, employee involvement, and even job security.† â€Å"At their worst, teams are unproductive and frustrating, and they waste everyones time.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pgs 40 41) Some advantages include: 1) Increased information and knowledge — By bringing together subject matter experts from several areas of a company gives decision-making teams access to the most information possible; 2) Increased acceptance of a solution — People who are part of making a decision would most likely be the best in helping support, and effectively encouraging others to accept the decision, and 3) Higher performance levels — Working in teams and brainstorming can actually drive an individual to think out of the box. Teams give one the sense of belonging, of self-worth, dignity and also reduce any stress or tension there may be between workers. A personal example of being on a team that had the advantage of increased information and knowledge was in helping the developer of a Customer Relationship Management database by having everyone on the team give specifics as to what was expected out of this database. Within six weeks the database was up and running, with a few tweaks here and there since then, but is still up and running today. Some disadvantages include: 1) Groupthink — Groupthink occurs when individuals are intimidated, or pressured, into acting a certain way by thinking their opinions are not worth hearing. When in the end, their opinions may actually have been better than the end decision; 2) Hidden agendas — Some team members may have motives of trying to undermine another team member, or that they just simply want to take control of the group; and 3) Free riders — Free riders are individuals who show no enthusiasm and make no contributions to the decision-making process. A personal example of being on a team that had the disadvantage of having a free rider was during a two-day class that had various activities as a whole. In one of the activities, we were put in groups of five, were given a topic to discuss and list the reasons/outcomes, and then to present it to the entire group. Since this was not a graded activity, the group chose the free rider to make the presentation. The free rider was not too happy with this group decision, but realized if they would have participated, that someone else may have actually volunteered to make the presentation. The free rider made the presentation with as little enthusiasm as shown during the group activity. Whether youre working on an informal team, which the two most popular types are problem-solving and task forces, or on a formal team that is a committee, companies rely heavily on these teams. Teams can help bring about quicker solutions to problems or ideas that can help the company in the marketplace. This is because the members are employees that should have a vested interest in the company. List and define the three types of listening. Listening is a primary activity. â€Å"Understanding the nature of listening is the first step toward improving your listening skills. People listen in a variety of ways, which influences what they hear and the meaning they extract. In fact, relying on a single approach to listening limits your effectiveness.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 53) Here are three of the major types of listening: 1) Critical listening — Critical listening is analyzing and understanding the speakers message. There are four factors in determining the speakers intentions: logic, evidence, conclusion, and implication. If you feel that any important information was omitted from the message, ask questions to deter any bias in the way the message is being presented; 2) Empathic listening — Empathic listening is being able to truly understand the emotions behind the speakers message, their feelings, their needs, their wants, and their true passion behind their message. Even if you disagree with their perspective, let them know you understand and can appreciate their feelings; and 3) Active listening — Active listening is the ability to turn off your own biases and filters and to show the speaker, by asking questions and also giving supportive feedback, that they truly understand the message the speaker is presenting. â€Å"The importance of listening in communication is enormous. People often focus on their speaking ability believing that good speaking equals good communication. The ability to speak well is a necessary component to successful communication. The ability to listen is equally as important. Listening takes work and when it comes to improving our communication there is no getting around that.† (http://EzineArticles.com/210731) Describe two instances in your life when you either used or observed nonverbal communication. Define the type of nonverbal communication using the information in the text and discuss how it affected the conversation. â€Å"Paying special attention to nonverbal signals in the workplace will enhance your ability to communicate successfully. Moreover, as you interact with business associates from other backgrounds, youll discover that some nonverbal signals dont necessarily translate across cultures. The range and variety of nonverbal signals are almost endless, but you can grasp the basics by studying six general categories.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 57) Below are two instances in my life where Ive used and observed two out of the six categories, â€Å"personal appearance† and â€Å"facial expression†. I was interviewing a potential employee to work in my restaurant. This individual had several tattoos and body piercings. Now considering that a front-line employee is the first person a customer sees when they come into a restaurant, this is not the impression I wanted my customers to have. Based on the position that this person was interviewing for and that they are coming to an interview dressed this way, they were non-verbally telling me by their personal appearance, that this is what I should expect of them if they were to come to work for me. I truly had a hard time focusing on any of their responses as I couldnt understand how they thought this type of appearance was acceptable to be hired for any type of position in an establishment where they would be dealing with the public. Needless to say, this person was not hired to work at my restaurant. An instance of observing nonverbal communication was during a mandatory meeting that was called at work and during the meeting one particular individual stood out as you could hear him making little snide remarks about what the speaker was saying, and then used the facial expression of rolling his eyes. This individual also would use posture such as slouching in his chair for awhile then he pulled out his cell phone and started to text. The meeting was actually very informative about a new product the company was developing and was asking for everyones input on ideas for marketing. Since this individual was not listening during the meeting, in the end when we all got back to our desks, he had to go around and ask other co-workers what it was he was supposed to do. Most of the workers told him he would need to go ask his supervisor. Whether he did or not, no one knew, nor did anyone know if he turned in his idea. He was around for about another 2 months, and then we heard he had found another job and wouldnt be back. â€Å"Good communication skills can help you in both your personal and professional life. While verbal and written communication skills are important, research has shown that nonverbal behaviors make up a large percentage of our daily interpersonal communication†. (http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/tp/nonverbaltips.htm) Nonverbal communication has the potential of sending out the wrong message, whether its misinterpreted, or if what you say doesnt match your actions. Describe the measures that help team members resolve conflict. It is inevitable that at some point in ones professional career they will be on a team where conflict arises. There are numerous reasons for conflict: lack of clarity, decisions have already been made on their own and are unwilling to discuss any further, different values, past history/personalities, or one believes there is completion for some type of resource. There are measures to help team members resolve conflicts — Proaction, communication, openness, research, flexibility, fair play, and alliance. Here are descriptions of each of the conflict resolutions as mentioned: 1) Proaction is when you work out, deal with, a minor conflict before it erupts into a major conflict; 2) Communication is needed to resolve a conflict. This is accomplished by getting those directly involved to communicate to resolve the conflict; 3) Openness is getting all feelings out in the open, and then the main issue at hand can be dealt with; 4) Research is the need to get the facts for the problem before being able to determine any solutions for the problem; 5) Flexibility is being able to be open-minded. Dont let anyones stubbornness get in the way of them being able to consider other solutions to the problem; 6) Fair play is not letting anyone hide behind the rules to avoid getting a fair solution; and 7) Alliance is fighting together as opponents of the outside force, rather than fighting against each other. In order to achieve a win-win solution, teams must be aware of, and learn how to keep destructive conflict from diverting their focus and energy, and also how both sides can satisfy their goals, at least to an extent.

The Power of the Liberal Narrative Essay -- Liberal Narrative Essays

Trudging through the mountains of facts, studies, and opinions relevant to social and political issues creates a daunting task for political strategists, leaving them to decide what information is relevant and essential for the voting public to know, in order to rally the voters to support a certain candidate. However, these mountains of facts and opinions can turn off voters, and scare away many potential supporters, forcing political strategists to also engage the emotional lives of the populace: enter the role of cultural narratives- tales of adventure, sacrifice, defeat, and victory grabbing hold of the emotional lives of the audience, and as George Lakoff points out, â€Å"†¦politics is about the narratives of our culture and our circumstances make available to all of us to live† (35). The key to the liberal narrative is empathy; not solely feeling empathy, but acting on this empathy. George W. Bush and his campaign staff knew this and employed it very successfully in the 2000 election with his slogan â€Å"the compassionate conservative.† And while John Kerry and the Democratic Party may have forgotten this essential point of politics, Hollywood remembers vividly the formula of the classic liberal narrative and this has led to the creation of many films which are the quintessence of the liberal tale. The liberal narrative existed in the heyday of the Hollywood silver screen, and no better example exists than John Ford’s The Grapes of Wrath. Ford’s classic tale, based on John Steinbeck’s novel of the same title, immediately begins its liberal narrative. Early in the film when Henry Fonda’s character Tom Joad asks a truck driver for a ride, which is not allowed by the driver’s boss indicated by a sticker saying â€Å"no riders allowed/inst... ...to their feet. The liberal narrative is a staple in achieving political victory; and if someone wants to learn how to successfully create one, he or she need look no further than these films. They contain the heart and soul of the liberal campaign; and if the liberals create more films of this breed and of this caliber, there is no telling how much their support will grow. Works Cited 12 Angry Men. Dir. Sidney Lumet. Prod. Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose. By Reginald Rose and Kenyon Hopkins. Perf. Henry Fonda. United Artists Corp., 1956. Erin Brockovich. Dir. Steven Soderbergh. By Susannah Grant. Perf. Julia Roberts. Jersey Films, 2000. The Grapes of Wrath. Dir. John Ford. Perf. Henry Fonda. Twentieth Century-Fox, 1940. Lakoff, George. The Political Mind: Why You Can't Understand 21st-Century Politics With an 18th-Century Brain. New York: Viking, 2008. Print.

The History Of The Systemic Approach Education Essay

In fact, survive with computing machines in the schoolroom, it is a spot like populating with an elephant, it is nerve-racking, it is cumbrous, it is upseting. What do you make with an elephant. We try to chasten the otherwise tame. This is engineering, efforts to incorporate them into learning pattern. But how? Changing wonts and behaviour. But alteration is complicated, it requires be aftering, must be checked and it is non easy to pull off an elephant, nor the usage of computing machine equipment. A A A About 25 old ages ago that we are working to incorporate â€Å" new † engineerings in different states. At different rates, depending on altering the joys, successes and failures in sequence – some losing forbearance, argue that it is an ageless – and yet†¦ Each cringle of the coiling brings us innovative farther in front. The school exchange and usage of progressively engineerings and digital resources to consolidate these alterations. Change, innovate, integrate, absorb engineering â€Å" new † â€Å" The engineering in the school will be † new â€Å" if teaching method that employs is new. ‘ A A A One manner to alter their instruction patterns is to incorporate digital engineerings in their instruction patterns. But it must be remembered that this alteration does non introduce. For there to be invention, ICT integrating should advance the development of one or more of the undermentioned rules: A A A A increased contact teachers-students or distance ; A A A A promote high outlooks vis-a-vis pupils A A A A support larning reactive, proactive and synergistic ; A A A A facilitate effectual and immediate feedback ; A A A A better and increase the clip of survey and reading ; A A A A promote diverse endowment ; A A A A enhance cooperation among pupils. A A A If the usage of ICT is non contributing to the development of one or the other of these rules, so there is alteration, but there is no pedagogical invention. But how and with what tools can we heighten the educational development of these rules? The â€Å" public presentations † of new engineerings in schools are non connected to the power or edification of machines†¦ can non assist believing that it is easier to fault the machines need educational†¦ Finally, everything is at that place, new engineerings in schools will be â€Å" new † if the teaching method that employs is â€Å" new † or instead renewed. ‘ A A A Is that correct? Are at that place baronial utilizations of engineering in instruction live togethering with enfeebling or unworthy intents? This is improbable. It is instead a inquiry of development, integration measure. We must larn to utilize simple engineerings before embarking into complicated utilizations. A A A To introduce through engineering, we must foremost be concerned pupils and so take attention of tools. This is the foundation of a humanistic, interdisciplinary and â€Å" anthropocentric † and a systemic attack to invention in instruction and basic reengineering the school utilizing engineering. A A A Too frequently, the execution of information engineering is under the mark of improvisation. We believed, and still believe one of the â€Å" innovators † , the diffusion of an invention in instruction is by osmosis and contagious disease nearby. This vision of â€Å" Utopian † procedure returns as follows: a instructor sets up an advanced undertaking utilizing ICT in the schoolroom. Spontaneously, co-workers, intrigued by both invention and covetous of such a success, eager to transform their teaching method, innovate and take part in this educational success. Just direct them the know-how. The shriveling expands and shortly the whole school is â€Å" tainted † by the new engineerings, each wishing to have an elephant in its category! A A A Unfortunately, invention is non spread in this manner in the field of instruction. It agree, this scheme has non vicarious delivered the expected consequences. Few thousand early adoptive parents have non wholly spread in their schools. Colleagues in the â€Å" innovator † did non spontaneously coveted innovate or chambarder their teaching method, or rearrange their classs. They did non instantly agreed that the success of an invention undertaking was due to the engineering, even if it was really present in the undertaking. In this vision of â€Å" spontaneousness † of the diffusion of invention, we must oppose systematic and systemic attack. A A A The systemic attack is divided into four phases. First measure, the system is in equilibrium functional school. Each histrion ( manager, instructors, pupils, professionals, director, support staff ) takes his function and the system is runing usually. It accomplishes its mission decently and wholly? If so, there is no demand to interrupt, the chambarder. Otherwise, the school does non let pupils to develop adequately its function in society. The school system is so critiqued and challenged. It is clip to alter it. Second measure, given the insufficiencies of the school riotous inventions are introduced doing daze moving ridges and instability. Third phase, the school system responds to this instability in two ways: a ) rejection of freshness to maintain the same old balance unstable and unsatisfactory B ) if the first maneuver did non work so the school system efforts to incorporate new, but minimising its effectivity and impact†¦ It is riotous and instructors seeking to incorporate engineering but altering nil in their instruction. Teachers try once more with these new tools the same as before but more frequently and more rapidly. Fourth measure, if the tactical integrating harmonic rejection or non fonctionnees so the system tries to absorb new engineering and animate a new systemic functional balance. Then there is reclamation of learning patterns. These four stairss are carried out consecutive and the procedure can be accelerated or stopped at any clip. This is why it is so of import when presenting technological inventions in instruction planning in continuance, to persist and to maximise the disruptive and destabilizing. Until a new equilibrium is non reached systemic one can state that an establishment is in the procedure of integrating but non assimilation. If the advanced release system force per unit area on the freshness consequence may regress and everything can be once more. A A A Furthermore, it is of import non to pout and success when instructors say the engineering used in their pattern non yet to the full renewed you must cognize the clip encouraged to go on doing the coveted alterations. Thus the â€Å" innovators † , backed up by the governments, can distribute the freshness and â€Å" contaminated † the whole community. 3. The â€Å" formula † for a successful execution â€Å" Let us all engineerings, but Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s slave ordinal number ‘ A A A Already in 1987, the â€Å" innovators † of the integrating of engineering in learning had discovered the â€Å" formula † for a successful execution. [ 5 ] Here it is: 3.1. Ingredients A A A A Strong political will which beef up local directors in their attempts and back up â€Å" firm † instructors. A A A A Significant fiscal resources and provided yearly for several old ages, conditions for long-run planning. A A A A Many computing machines, efficient, dependable, accessible, networked and connected to the Internet for teleco and learning communities. A A A A Powerful applications, stable, dedicated, easy to utilize, user friendly and supply entree to content and quality digital resources seamlessly incorporate subjects. A A A A Information and support in good measure and at a changeless flow and steady. A A A A A systemic integrating consequence of a happy complicity between the spouses in instruction ( instructors, principals, counsellors, engineering directors ) . A A A A Time for instructors, clip for contemplation, for preparation, for planning of larning state of affairss and rating ( SAE ) authentic, contextualized and described in conformity with the preparation plan. 3.2 Preparation A A A Each of these ingredients should be available in good measure and assorted in proportions that meet regional liberty and the sensitiveness of local histrions ( schools ) . For illustration, the Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles lists five phases of ICT integrating in instruction: entry, acceptance, version, appropriation and innovation. The innovation is the phase where the instructor imagine new utilizations for enriching the preparation plan [ 10 ] . Depending on the phase identified resource demands, preparation and support may change. This is the first component to see when planning integrated and contextualised by a systemic attack. A A A Regarding pupils, without desiring to give the urban fable sing the genetically programmed acquisition who would be born â€Å" between a mouse and a keyboard † , we must acknowledge that many are non expected the chance to step into the schoolroom, or connected Television chance to collaborate. A A A If readying and ingredients are non sufficient quality and measure, mayonnaise may non acquire as stressed this illustrated â€Å" Barriers to ICT for instructor. tekki â€Å" . 3.3 Tips and Tricks A A A This â€Å" recipe † known in 1987 and repeated in 1997 [ 13 ] , should be reissued in 2007 for everyone to retrieve that the universe of engineering has non appeared today and will non vanish with him. Sing its airing in instruction, there is a universe of distinction. A A A However, nowhere resources will non be sufficient to fulfill the impatient. Two digressive forces hinder this forced March towards ICT everyplace for everything and for all, at least in industrialised society. First, the human and fiscal resources are scarce and must be shared among multiple precedences. More money to engage instructors or purchase equipment? A A A There is so the opposition to alter. Throughout the West, school systems are shaken – interviewed – and this uncertainness before school decision makers and instructors do non desire to be confused disrupted rushed. The instructor of the present clip is a tired adult male band – and this schematisation of his public presentation ( Figure 2 below ) begins its resiliency and helps to deter. 4. The effectivity of digital engineerings for learning â€Å" It takes a small town to raise a kid†¦ with a computer. ‘ A A A For the school adapts to alterations in engineering and integrates computing machine and Internet, you need a vision-based acquisition ecology of the school is based on the construct of computerized acquisition environment, what, besides known as digital work environment ( DWE ) , practical campus or practical office work [ 16 ] . Specifying the school as a acquisition environment, it is refocusing on acquisition and, therefore, more efficient usage of its resources. This is when they are placed in rich acquisition environments, including effectual cognitive tools, these are existent or practical environments that kids every bit good as grownups, learn and develop intellectually and socially. A A A Christian Barrette, an analyst at the Association for Research in college ( CRA ) , has compiled a batch of research on the effectivity of new engineerings for learning and larning. [ 17 ] Barrette concludes that ICTs are effectual when they are portion of a structured educational finely diversified acquisition activities and pedagogical attacks. In other words, the course of study offers larning of cognition, thoughts, constructs, and accomplishments development ( cognition, know-how, accomplishments ) and the instructor must cognize how to utilize ICT sagely to accomplish all these ends. A A A Confirming the research of Professor Marcel Lebrun Louvain-La-Neuve [ 18 ] proposes to consolidate Barrette pedagogical attacks into three categories-behavioral attacks empiricist, positivist, humanist and cognitive-constructivist which it associates the technological point of position the applications and attacks reactive, proactive and synergistic. Should prefer the constructivist attack when utilizing ICT at school? Not needfully run into Barrette. We need to diversify pedagogical attacks, learning methods and digital tools. And the research worker noted that â€Å" Among these attacks, the emerging of societal constructivism in pedagogical discourse, but small in pattern. It has been said about it, it could be good served by these engineerings that facilitated communicating and exchange in the transmutation of information into cognition meaningful. â€Å" The empirical grounds, drawn from the research reviewed, indicate that it is possible that ICTs are besides centered a ttacks to knowledge transportation ( behaviourism reactive manner ) or witting control of cognitive accomplishments ( proactive manner and cognitivism reflexive ) . A A A The reappraisal of undertakings and technological devices for larning ( larning state of affairss or learning scenarios and computing machine system ) really shows that these devices fall into three households: A A A A devices bring oning larning public presentation ( behaviourism, reagent ) ; A A A A bespeaking devices metacognition ( cognitivism, proactive – reflexive ) ; A A A A devices back uping collaborative acquisition ( constructivism, synergistic – ego ) . A A A Lesson effectual digest of assorted surveies reviewed by Barrette is hence as follows have proved effectual preparation devices ( attack, method, activity, larning state of affairs, digital tools ) : A A A A bring oning larning public presentation ( expressed ) and utilizing adaptative tools and differentiated exercisings repeated as gymnastic apparatuss, tutorials, educational games, lifes, chiefly used in the schoolroom or computing machine lab A A A A seeking metacognition and utilizing tools such as tutorials, dynamic geometry, demos, simulators, scheduling, robotics, drawings, portfolios in single activities that extend beyond the schoolroom or research lab ; A A A A back uping collaborative acquisition with tools such as practical preparation environments, wikis, web logs, electronic mails, forums, preparation platforms, which support active communities of exchange and cooperation particularly outside of the schoolroom or computing machine lab. A A A Figure 3 summarizes these three pedagogical attacks and this for each definition of acquisition, the scholar, the instructor ‘s function, the position of cognition, learning methods and illustrations of digital tools preferred. You will besides happen the didactic rules that promote educational invention and educational success. Empiricism Behaviorism Rationalism Cognitivism Humanitarianism Constructivism Definition of larning alteration in discernible behaviours. Change in ways of thought and work outing jobs. Cognitive struggles. Change in ways of thought, in co-creation activities. Motivate. Definition of larning Learning reactive hearing, watching, reacts and attempts once more. Active acquisition, information processor, treat the information, automatic procedure, high outlook Interactive Learning, cognition builder which initiates a undertaking and self-regulating, reflective, high outlook Role of the instructor sender of information and cognition. It presents, describes, schematically, programs and cheques. Manager of acquisition, usher, leads, directs, advocate says, is sing jobs, regulates redress. Guide, Zanzibar copal, aid, cause, inquiries, organizes, provides, suggests redresss and allowed to move, suggests ego Status of cognition / skills nonsubjective external world that the pupil must get, assimilate and reproduce. External world that the pupil must incorporate its mental forms and reuse. Reflexivity. Objective external world but perceived and reconstructed competency = know how to move by mobilising Teaching methods Teaching group, explicit, E3, repeated pattern, immediate feedback, survey clip, frequent contacts. Individualized direction, differentiated strategic attack deductive – inductive survey clip, frequent contacts. Vicarious larning strategic, differentiated by undertakings inductive-deductive, less frequent contact, promotes cooperation. Digital tools preferred Gymnastic apparatuss, tutorials, games, ICT competency, life, web portfolio, trial hidden words quiz Net and others. Simulations, simulation, robotic, jobs, You ‘re the hero, programming, Create a Web page, DAO, experience, portfolio, geometry, practical research lab, SAE, Scoop, webquests..

Position Paper: Pepsico’s Restaurants

Position Paper: PepsiCo’s Restaurants Pepsi Co’s Restaurants is a Harvard Business School Case which states PepsiCo’s large organization, its structure, its acquisitions and management approach. It also covers two companies, Carts of Colorado (COC) and California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) which are pursued from PepsiCo in 1991 to buy. In this position paper PepsiCo’s acquiring strategy and management approach will be evaluated to examine strengths and weaknesses of acquiring these two companies and possible solutions of other strategies. It will be also qualified whether it is a successful company in restaurant business.Pepsi’s acquiring strategy is diversified. First, it merged with Frito-Lay in 1965 and named PepsiCo. The case states the belief of Kendall that â€Å"snack chips went well with soda. † It was a product-extension merger. These two companies were selling different but related products in the same market. Snack foods and soft drinks a re related. With the help of established distribution network and brand recognition the merge resulted higher growth and economies of scale. This synergy was the basis of further developments. After that PepsiCo. acquired restaurant chains, which was the third segment for the company. You can read also Classifications of RestaurantsPepsiCo made market-extension and also product-extension with this purchase. It acquired the largest chains like Pizza Hut, Taco Bell at late 70’s and KFC in 1986. (Exhibit 1) With their economies of scale, it created market access for its own products and the restaurants could make cost reduction and cost efficiency with the growth of PepsiCo through soft drinks and also similar purchases. (PepsiCo Food Systems) Additionally, the acquirements of KFC with its franchises (Exhibit 5) was important because it helped PepsiCo to be internationally powerful.For this purpose, they used also a different strategy for their snack food segment and acquired Smith Crisps, Ltd from United Kingdom which was its competitor for European market. (horizontal acquisition) Besides, PepsiCo purchased supplier companies like bottling subsidiaries as backward integration (instruments of standard-cycle approach like PepsiCo Food Systems, cost efficiency is very important ) and also conglomeration like Wilson Sporting Goods, but they sold what they acquired when the parts are not greater than the whole. PepsiCo has decentralized management approach.Every decision didn’t taken by top management. The responsibility for authority and decision making is distributed. Pepsi commercial which included Michael Jackson with a 5$ million record fee was told CEO only a few hours before the contract. Moreover, Kendall encouraged managers to take risks and stated â€Å"If you go through your career and never make a mistake, you’ve never tried anything worthwhile† and the president of Pizza Hut, Steve Reinemund mentioned that Calloway, the follower CEO after Kendall, had never told him what to do.These are typical examples for decentralization, but it also shows us that there is a tradition at PepsiCo, the top management showed their managers their trust and tried to challenge their thought process. This is the result of Pepsi Co investment on them. Calloway’s response for outstanding performance was â€Å"the three P’s people, people, people†. Such decision makers should be experienced. Actually their two phase system was very successful because it let successful managers to promote another divisions, challenging positions or different functional areas.Most of the top management which can be seen from organization chart (Exhibit 2) had participated at all levels of PepsiCo with different assignments, so they were generalists and great managers with different experiences. Their management approach can be described as Calloway states â€Å"We take eagles and teach them to fly in formation. † Carts of Colorado and California Pizza Kitchen were two companies that PepsiCo. were interested to acquire. The advantages and disadvantages of such acquisitions will be considered separately.But first of all, we have to consider what was the strategy of PepsiCo for the future and what Pepsi Co has experienced. According to strategic planners of the company quick service restaurants would remain the largest segment over the following decade. Based on their analyses, quick service, casual dining and take out segments would be attractive. On the other hand, PepsiCo. invested to casual dining like Pizza Hut Cafe and experienced that their know-how for this segment is low. (Reinemund: â€Å"We needed people to come in and break the mold of our thinking.We knew enough to know what we didn’t) Additionally, Salsa Rio Grill which is also an investment for casual dining was a failure, but it has also mentioned it could be successful with a different setting. These are aspects that we have to think whether to acquire CPK. The case also mentions that PepsiCo. needed non-traditional program to increase points of distribution. That can be achieved with carts. The company also purchased carts from COC because they saw a potential future that the location of sales was really i mportant. If COC is acquired, than PepsiCo ould acquire skills or technologies more quickly or at lower cost than they could be built in-house. This can be seen as a strength, however COC’s carts wouldn’t cover the core competence of PepsiCO, therefore its acquisition could be not cost efficient. There is also an opportunity of first mover with the know-how of COC PepsiCo could achieve the most efficient mobile storesi, might be also apply some strategies for automats. The threat was that COC has a centralized organization, because of adaptation problems whole project could be a failure. Acquisition of CPK has strengths according to its operating segment of casual dining.The weakness could be because of its cost comparing to its benefit. Strategic planners saw casual dining segment a growth market and with its know-how they would expand their market. Its threat is centralized structure of CPK. They failed with Pizza Hut Cafe and Salsa Rio Grill and it could also happen with CPK if they apply their quick service strategies. According my point of view PepsiCo should not acquire CPK because PepsiCo. ’s tradition is very powerful and they want to adopt their strategies to CPK, but added value and core competence of this companies is its centralized structure.If they act so, they will fail, instead of acquiring synergy. Additionally, the economies of scale CPK is also small which would not add value to its soft drink segment, the acquirement of other restaurant chains was also beneficial for brand awareness and reputation, this wouldn’t happen for CPK. They would acquire it for know-how of this company, but the company is not public and centralized, everything will depend on cofounders of CPK, this a very big risk if we compare benefits and its cost.On the other hand, PepsiCo could acquire COC, but they could make a technology contract with such a company. In such a contract the threat is the benefit, the synergy with experience of Pepsi Co and know-how of COC can be extraordinary. If COC shares the results to other competitors, that wouldn’t be a one sided gain, so comparing with its cost, it would be much better to acquire it because built-in of such department would be also very costly. As a result, I want also add my comments about the success status of Pepsi in restaurant business. I believe, it is successful.Although its history is short comparing with soft drink segment, its revenue is greater than soft drink segment and this is a success, PepsiCo differentiated its products, it made a great purchase system for cost effectiveness, but it had to increase its profitability according to 1991 data. Although it covered 36% of PepsiCo sales, but operating profit was 29% and as we knew from case, PepsiCo main strategy was investing to where it believed it could achieve the highest returns. (Exhibit 4) Reference: http://www. mckinseyquarterly. com/The_five_types_of_successful_acquisitions_2635 PepsiCo’s Restaurants Harvard Business School Case Position Paper: Pepsico’s Restaurants Position Paper: PepsiCo’s Restaurants Pepsi Co’s Restaurants is a Harvard Business School Case which states PepsiCo’s large organization, its structure, its acquisitions and management approach. It also covers two companies, Carts of Colorado (COC) and California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) which are pursued from PepsiCo in 1991 to buy. In this position paper PepsiCo’s acquiring strategy and management approach will be evaluated to examine strengths and weaknesses of acquiring these two companies and possible solutions of other strategies. It will be also qualified whether it is a successful company in restaurant business.Pepsi’s acquiring strategy is diversified. First, it merged with Frito-Lay in 1965 and named PepsiCo. The case states the belief of Kendall that â€Å"snack chips went well with soda. † It was a product-extension merger. These two companies were selling different but related products in the same market. Snack foods and soft drinks a re related. With the help of established distribution network and brand recognition the merge resulted higher growth and economies of scale. This synergy was the basis of further developments. After that PepsiCo. acquired restaurant chains, which was the third segment for the company. You can read also Classifications of RestaurantsPepsiCo made market-extension and also product-extension with this purchase. It acquired the largest chains like Pizza Hut, Taco Bell at late 70’s and KFC in 1986. (Exhibit 1) With their economies of scale, it created market access for its own products and the restaurants could make cost reduction and cost efficiency with the growth of PepsiCo through soft drinks and also similar purchases. (PepsiCo Food Systems) Additionally, the acquirements of KFC with its franchises (Exhibit 5) was important because it helped PepsiCo to be internationally powerful.For this purpose, they used also a different strategy for their snack food segment and acquired Smith Crisps, Ltd from United Kingdom which was its competitor for European market. (horizontal acquisition) Besides, PepsiCo purchased supplier companies like bottling subsidiaries as backward integration (instruments of standard-cycle approach like PepsiCo Food Systems, cost efficiency is very important ) and also conglomeration like Wilson Sporting Goods, but they sold what they acquired when the parts are not greater than the whole. PepsiCo has decentralized management approach.Every decision didn’t taken by top management. The responsibility for authority and decision making is distributed. Pepsi commercial which included Michael Jackson with a 5$ million record fee was told CEO only a few hours before the contract. Moreover, Kendall encouraged managers to take risks and stated â€Å"If you go through your career and never make a mistake, you’ve never tried anything worthwhile† and the president of Pizza Hut, Steve Reinemund mentioned that Calloway, the follower CEO after Kendall, had never told him what to do.These are typical examples for decentralization, but it also shows us that there is a tradition at PepsiCo, the top management showed their managers their trust and tried to challenge their thought process. This is the result of Pepsi Co investment on them. Calloway’s response for outstanding performance was â€Å"the three P’s people, people, people†. Such decision makers should be experienced. Actually their two phase system was very successful because it let successful managers to promote another divisions, challenging positions or different functional areas.Most of the top management which can be seen from organization chart (Exhibit 2) had participated at all levels of PepsiCo with different assignments, so they were generalists and great managers with different experiences. Their management approach can be described as Calloway states â€Å"We take eagles and teach them to fly in formation. † Carts of Colorado and California Pizza Kitchen were two companies that PepsiCo. were interested to acquire. The advantages and disadvantages of such acquisitions will be considered separately.But first of all, we have to consider what was the strategy of PepsiCo for the future and what Pepsi Co has experienced. According to strategic planners of the company quick service restaurants would remain the largest segment over the following decade. Based on their analyses, quick service, casual dining and take out segments would be attractive. On the other hand, PepsiCo. invested to casual dining like Pizza Hut Cafe and experienced that their know-how for this segment is low. (Reinemund: â€Å"We needed people to come in and break the mold of our thinking.We knew enough to know what we didn’t) Additionally, Salsa Rio Grill which is also an investment for casual dining was a failure, but it has also mentioned it could be successful with a different setting. These are aspects that we have to think whether to acquire CPK. The case also mentions that PepsiCo. needed non-traditional program to increase points of distribution. That can be achieved with carts. The company also purchased carts from COC because they saw a potential future that the location of sales was really i mportant. If COC is acquired, than PepsiCo ould acquire skills or technologies more quickly or at lower cost than they could be built in-house. This can be seen as a strength, however COC’s carts wouldn’t cover the core competence of PepsiCO, therefore its acquisition could be not cost efficient. There is also an opportunity of first mover with the know-how of COC PepsiCo could achieve the most efficient mobile storesi, might be also apply some strategies for automats. The threat was that COC has a centralized organization, because of adaptation problems whole project could be a failure. Acquisition of CPK has strengths according to its operating segment of casual dining.The weakness could be because of its cost comparing to its benefit. Strategic planners saw casual dining segment a growth market and with its know-how they would expand their market. Its threat is centralized structure of CPK. They failed with Pizza Hut Cafe and Salsa Rio Grill and it could also happen with CPK if they apply their quick service strategies. According my point of view PepsiCo should not acquire CPK because PepsiCo. ’s tradition is very powerful and they want to adopt their strategies to CPK, but added value and core competence of this companies is its centralized structure.If they act so, they will fail, instead of acquiring synergy. Additionally, the economies of scale CPK is also small which would not add value to its soft drink segment, the acquirement of other restaurant chains was also beneficial for brand awareness and reputation, this wouldn’t happen for CPK. They would acquire it for know-how of this company, but the company is not public and centralized, everything will depend on cofounders of CPK, this a very big risk if we compare benefits and its cost.On the other hand, PepsiCo could acquire COC, but they could make a technology contract with such a company. In such a contract the threat is the benefit, the synergy with experience of Pepsi Co and know-how of COC can be extraordinary. If COC shares the results to other competitors, that wouldn’t be a one sided gain, so comparing with its cost, it would be much better to acquire it because built-in of such department would be also very costly. As a result, I want also add my comments about the success status of Pepsi in restaurant business. I believe, it is successful.Although its history is short comparing with soft drink segment, its revenue is greater than soft drink segment and this is a success, PepsiCo differentiated its products, it made a great purchase system for cost effectiveness, but it had to increase its profitability according to 1991 data. Although it covered 36% of PepsiCo sales, but operating profit was 29% and as we knew from case, PepsiCo main strategy was investing to where it believed it could achieve the highest returns. (Exhibit 4) Reference: http://www. mckinseyquarterly. com/The_five_types_of_successful_acquisitions_2635 PepsiCo’s Restaurants Harvard Business School Case